University of Connecticut
Department of Marine Sciences
1080 Shennecossett Rd.
Groton, CT 06340-6048
(860) 405-9208
Send an email to Dr. Whitlatch
EDUCATION
B.S. 1970 University of Utah (Zoology)
M.S. 1972 University of the Pacific (Marine Sciences)
Ph.D. 1976 University of Chicago (Evolutionary Biology)
RESEARCH INTERESTS
I have fairly broad interests in the field of marine benthic population and community ecology. As I tend to be more interested in examining ecological concepts/questions rather than focusing on a specific ecological systems, I study both soft and hard substrate habitats.
Soft-sediment research interests
Much of the focus on soft-sediment systems has been directed to disturbance-recovery processes and the nature of population and community dynamics following natural or human-induced perturbations. Unlike hard substrate assemblages, colonization of these habitats is driven by two, often independent, colonist pools – larval settlement and post-larval advection across the seabed. I am particularly interested in the role of scale and hydrodynamic processes in driving the contribution of the two colonist pools and how they ultimately influence demographic performance and community recovery. In collaborative work with colleagues in New Zealand and Connecticut, I am also interested in large-scale heterogeneity of sedimentary features and how these influence sea floor biodiversity and the ecological dynamics of coastal ecosystems. Beyond the acquisition of basic ecological knowledge on these systems, this research provides important insight into the best management practices addressing issues such as fisheries resources, habitat restoration, preservation of biodiversity and establishment of marine protected areas.
Hard-substrate research interests
Considerable effort has been directed to studying the ecology of shallow-subtidal fouling assemblages. This system provides an excellent model to examine the role that recruitment dynamics and post-settlement interactions play in shaping population and community structure. Recent work has focused on physical-biological coupling of larval transport and post-settlement interactions of fouling organisms. Many of the dominant species inhabiting these assemblages are relatively recent invaders to Long Island Sound waters. As such I am interested in addressing three basic questions: What makes these species successful invaders? What impacts are they having on resident fauna and flora? What are some habitats apparently more vulnerable to invasion than other habitats? I am also interested in the effects of climate change on near shore benthic communities and have been using a long-term data on recruitment dynamics of fouling assemblages to begin assessing how warming Long Island Sound water temperatures are influencing these organisms.
COURSES TAUGHT
Marine Biology - undergraduate, one semester course (1977- )
Biological Oceanography -- graduate (team-taught), one semester course (1992-1999, 2003)
Marine Benthic Ecology (2003-)
EXPERIENCE
2001-2002 Interim Director, Marine Sciences and Technology Center
1989- Professor, Department of Marine Sciences, The University of Connecticut
1987-2002 Department Head, Department of Marine Sciences, The University of Connecticut
1983-1989 Associate Professor, Department of Marine Sciences, The University Connecticut
1983- Joint Appointment, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Connecticut
1985-1986 Senior Fellow, National Research Council. Hatfield Marine Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon
1984-1985 Visiting Investigator, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, The Netherlands.
1977-1983 Assistant Professor, Department of Marine Sciences, The University of Connecticut
1976-1977 Postdoctoral Scholar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS: Past Five Years
1991-2003 Editorial Board, Journal of Marine Research
1992- Organizing Board, Long Island Sound Research Conference
1993-2003 Board of Directors, Long Island Sound Foundation
1999 Invited Speaker, Ecological Comparisons of Sedimentary Shores, Sylt, Germany
2000 Member, New York Sea Grant’s Hard Clam Technical Review Panel
2000 Member, Maine Sea Grant Peer Review Panel
2001 Member, Visiting Committee, National Undersea Research Center, Rutgers University
2001 Member, Peer Review Panel, National Science Foundation
2001 Member, NMFS workshop on fishing gear impacts on the sea floor
2000-03 Board of Directors, NIWA (USA) and NIWA Environmental Research Institute
2002 Invited speaker, National Estuarine Research Reserve workshop on invasive species monitoring
2002 Member, Peer Review Panel, National Science Foundation
2002- Member, Advisory Board, Connecticut Corporate Wetlands Restoration Partnership Program
2002-03 Member, National Academy of Science Committee – Introduction of a non-native oyster species into Chesapeake Bay
2002- Board of Trustees Member, Connecticut Chapter of The Nature Conservancy
2002-03 Member, Soil and Sediment Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function Committee, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)
Quick links:
Recently funded grants and contracts
Former students
Book and monograph publications
Journal article publications
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RECENTLY FUNDED GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
Jesse B. Cox Foundation: 1997-1999. Ecological Impacts of Introduced Species in Southern New England. R.W. Osman and R.B. Whitlatch, PIs.
Marsh Ecology Research Program: 1998-1999. The effect of local differences in predators and grazers on the establishment of communities in new marsh habitat. R.W. Osman and R.B. Whitlatch, PIs.
National Science Foundation: 1999-2004. Physical and biological processes linking the sources of larval production to subsequent recruitment into subtidal benthic communities. R.B. Whitlatch and P.S. Bogden, PIs.
NOAA Sea Grant Program: 1999-2001. Species and community attributes affecting invasion success by exotic species. R.B . Whitlatch, J.J. Stachowicz and R.W. Osman, PIs.
National Science Foundation: 1999-2004. Development of an autonomous, time-series benthic recruitment sampler. R.B. Whitlatch, P.T. Visscher and R.W. Osman, Pis.
National Science Foundation: 1999-2004. Suspended matter analysis laboratory for education and research (SMALER). R.B. Whitlatch, J.E. Ward, H.G. Dam, D.L. Codiga, A. Skoog, P. Kremer and G. McManus, Pis.
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (Sandy Hook Laboratory): 1999-2002. Sorting and identification of Georges Bank infaunal samples. P.E. Renaud and R.B. Whitlatch, Pis.
National Science Foundation: 2000-2005. LTREB: Long-term studies on the recruitment dynamics of shallow-water benthic organisms. R.B. Whitlatch, J.J. Stachowicz and R.W. Osman, Pis.
U.S. EPA (STAR Program): 2003-2006. Stressor-response modeling of the interactive effects of climate change and land use patterns on the alteration of coastal marine systems by invasive species. R.B. Whitlatch and R.W. Osman, Pis.
National Sea Grant College Program: 2003-2205. Evaluation of the importance of ship hull fouling by privately-owned vessels as a vector for the transport of invasive species along the eastern seaboard. R.B. Whitlatch, R.W. Osman and N.C. Balcom, Pis.
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FORMER STUDENTS
Ph.D. Students:
Weinberg, J.R., 1983. Population ecology of the marine bivalve Gemma gemma in relation to its infaunal community.
Starczak, V.R., 1984. Sexual selection and intrasexual aggression in the marine polychaete Nereis (Neanthes) acuminata.
Zajac, R.N., 1985. Population dynamics and life history variation in Polydora ligni (Polychaeta, Annelida).
Malinowski, S., 1985. Population dynamics of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria.
Malatesta, R.J, 1991. Growing up in crowded neighborhoods: population and spatial dynamics of a sessile marine animal.
Lohrer, A., 2000. Mechanisms and consequences of an exotic crab species invasion.
Masters Students:
Dobbs, F.C, 1981. Community ecology of a shallow subtidal sand flat, with emphasis on sediment reworking by Clymenella torquata (Polychaeta: Maldanidae).
Zajac, R.N. 1981. Successional and ambient infaunal community dynamics in a New England estuary.
Lussier, B.M. 1985. Distribution and settlement of polychaete larvae: the influence on the structure of the adult benthic populations in a seagrass bed and an associated sand flat.
Gypson, L.A., 1989. The population dynamics and sediment reworking activity of an estuarine deposit feeder, Saccoglossus kowalewskyi (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta).
Crockett, L.R. 1989. Effects of eelgrass, Zostera marina, on the growth and survival of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria.
Desbonnet, A., 1989. The effect of size, density, and growth strategy on survival of juvenile surf clams, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817), with a comparison to Mercenaria mercenaria and Mya arenaria growth strategies.
Sedgwick-Springer, L., 1992. The effects of the solitary ascidian Styela clava Herdman, on larval settlement and recruitment of a New England epifaunal community.
Shull, D.S., 1992. Mechanisms of polychaete dispersal and recolonization in an intertidal sandflat.
Fuller, C.M., 1992. Effects of porewater hydrogen sulfide on the feeding activity of the subsurface deposit-feeding polychaete, Clymenella torquata.
Holt, M., 1994. Competitive interactions between two micro-predators and their effects on southern New England fouling assemblages.
Frese, A.M. 1994. Effects of resident adult ascidians on larval settlement and post-settlement success.
Stankelis, R. 1995. Sub-lethal damage and resource allocation in the marine bryozoan Schizoporella errata.
Kroeger, K., 1997. Effects of seasonal hypoxia on the population dynamics and secondary production of the deposit-feeding bivalve Nucula annulata.
Miles, E., 1998. The autecology of three preatory gastropods, Mitrella lunata, Anachis avara, and Anachis lafrensnayi.
Surgeon, T.-M., 1999. Sulfide as an environmental factor and toxicant in three Zostera marina L. (Eelgrass) beds in Long Island Sound.
Waldbusser, G.G. 2002. Examining the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem services using a functional group appear in a near shore soft sediment community.
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PUBLICATIONS: BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS
Whitlatch, R.B. 1972. The ecological life history of the salt marsh gastropod Batillaria zonalis. Master's Thesis, University of the Pacific. 158 p.
Whitlatch, R.B. 1976. Seasonality, species diversity and patterns of resource partitioning in a marine deposit-feeding community. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Chicago. 127 p
Whitlatch, R.B. 1982. The Ecology of New England Tidal Flats: A Community Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program, Washington, DC. FWS/OBS-81/01. 125 p.
Welsh, B.L., R.B. Whitlatch, and W.F. Bohlen. 1982. Relationships between physical characteristics and organic carbon sources as a basis for comparing estuaries in southern New England. Pages 53-67. In V.S. Kennedy (ed.), Estuarine Comparisons. Academic Press, NY.
Zajac, R.N. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1985. A hierarchical approach to modeling soft-bottom successional dynamics. Pages 265-276. In P. Gibbs (ed.), 19th European Marine Biological Symposium. Cambridge University Press.
Grassle, J.F., P.V.R. Snelgrove, J.R. Weinberg, and R.B. Whitlatch. 1988. The effect of plant material on a benthic community of the Bermuda continental slope. Pages 283-289. In M.P. DeLuca and I. Babb (eds.), Global Venting, Midwater and Benthic Ecological Processes. National Undersea Research Center Report 88-4. Rockville, MD.
Whitlatch, R.B. 1989. Mechanistic approaches to the study of deposit-feeding in polychaetes. Pages 291-308. In G. Lopez, G. Taghon and J. Levinton (eds.), Ecology of Marine Deposit Feeders. Springer-Verlag, NY.
Osman, R.W., R.B. Whitlatch, R.J. Malatesta and R.N. Zajac. 1990. Ontogenetic changes in trophic relationships and their effects on recruitment. Pages 117-129. In M. Barnes and R.N. Gibson (eds.), Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment. Aberdeen University Press.
Whitlatch, R.B. 1990. The ecological value of tidal flats. Pages 2-6. In C.R. Percy (ed.), Intertidal Flats: A Review of Their Values and Legal Status. The Sounds Conservancy, Inc.
Whitlatch, R.B., R.W. Osman, A. Frese, R. Malatesta, P. Mitchell and L. Sedgwick. 1995. The ecology of two introduced marine ascidians and their effects on epifaunal organisms in Long Island Sound. Pages 29-48. In: N. Balcolm (ed.), Northeast Conference on Non-Indigenous Aquatic Species. Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, Publication No. CT-SG-9504.
Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1995. Ecological factors controlling the successful invasion of 3 species of ascidians into marine subtidal habitats of New England. Pages 49-60. In: N. Balcolm (ed.), Northeast Conference on Non-Indigenous Aquatic Species. Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, Publication No. CT-SG-9504.
Whitlatch, R.B. and R.W. Osman. 1997. Approaches for oyster reef restoration in Long Island Sound: understanding the relative importance of local and regional controls of population dynamics. Pages 72-778 In: M.S. Van Patten (ed.), Long Island Sound Research Conference Proceedings, Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, Publication No. CTSG-97-08
Lohrer, A.M. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1997. Ecological studies on the recently introduced Japanese shore crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) in Eastern Long Island Sound. Pages 49-60. In: N.C. Balcolm (ed.), Proceedings of the Second Northeast Conference on Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species. Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, Publication No. CTSG-97-02.
Whitlatch, R.B. and R.W. Osman. 1999. Reefs as metapopulations: understanding the importance of local interactions in establishing artificial oyster reefs. Pages 199- 211. In: M. Luckenbach, R. Mann and J. Wesson (eds.), Oyster Reef Habitat Restoration: A Synopsis and Synthesis of Approaches. Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Press, Gloucester, VA.
Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1999. Processes controlling local and regional patterns of invertebrate colonization: applications to the design of artificial oyster habitat. Pages 179-197. In: M. Luckenbach, R. Mann and J. Wesson (eds.), Oyster Reef Habitat Restoration: A Synopsis and Synthesis of Approaches. Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Press, Gloucester, VA
Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 2000. Ecological interactions of invading ascidians within epifaunal communities of southern New England. Page 164-174. In: J. Pederson (ed), National Conference on Marine Bioinvasions. MIT Sea Grant Publication, Cambridge, MA
Whitlatch, R.B. and R.W. Osman. 2000. Geographical distributions and organism-habitat associations of shallow-water introduced marine fauna in New England. Pages 61-65. In: J. Pederson (ed), National Conference on Marine Bioinvasions. MIT Sea Grant Publication, Cambridge, MA.
Lohrer, A.M., R.B. Whitlatch, K. Wada and Y. Fukui. 2000. Using niche theory to understand invasion success: a case study of the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus. Pages 57-60. In: J. Pederson (ed), National Conference on Marine Bioinvasions. MIT Sea Grant Publication, Cambridge, MA.
Whitlatch, R.B. and J.R. Wood-Martin (eds). 2000. Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial Long Island Sound Research Conference. Connecticut Sea Grant College Program Publication. 170 p.
Morgan, D.E., J.T. Swenarton, J.F. Foertch, M. Keser and R.B. Whitlatch. 2000. Growth, survival and condition index of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in Long Island Sound during 1997. Pages 73-81. In: R.B. Whitlatch and J.R. Wood-Martin (eds.). Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial Long Island Sound Research Conference. Connecticut Sea Grant College Program Publication.
Whitlatch, R.B., A.M. Lohrer and S.F. Thrush. 2001. Scale-dependent recovery of the benthos: effects of larval and post-larval life-stages. Pages 181-197. In: Woodin, S.A. and J.Y. Aller (eds.). Organism-Sediment Symposium. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia
Thrush, S.F. and R.B. Whitlatch. 2001. Recovery dynamics in benthic communities: balancing detail with simplification. Pages 297-316 In: K. Reise (ed). Ecological Comparisons of Sedimentary Shores. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Lohrer, A.M. and R.B. Whitlatch. 2002. Modeling life-stage based recovery dynamics of marine invertebrates in soft-sediment habitats: some implications for habitat conservation. Pages 191-213. In: M. Ruth and J. Lindholm (eds.), Dynamic Modeling for Marine Conservation. Springer-Verlag, NY.
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PUBLICATIONS: JOURNAL ARTICLES
Whitlatch, R.B. 1974. Studies on the population ecology of the salt marsh gastropod Batillaria zonalis. Veliger 17: 47-54.
Whitlatch, R.B. 1974. Food-resource partitioning in the deposit-feeding polychaete Pectinaria gouldii. Biological Bulletin 147: 227-235.
Whitlatch, R.B. and R.G. Johnson. 1974. Methods of staining organic matter in marine sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 44: 1310-1312.
Whitlatch, R.B. 1977. Seasonal changes in the benthic fauna inhabiting the intertidal sand and mud flats of Barnstable Harbor, MA. Biological Bulletin 152: 275-294.
Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1978. Patterns of species diversity: Fact or artifact? Paleobiology 4: 41-54.
Whitlatch, R.B. and S. Obrebski. 1980. Feeding selectivity and coexistence in two deposit-feeding gastropods. Marine Biology 58: 219-225.
Whitlatch, R.B. 1980. Patterns of resource utilization and coexistence in marine intertidal deposit-feeding communities. Journal of Marine Research 38: 743-765.
Whitlatch, R.B. 1981. Animal-sediment relationships in intertidal marine benthic habitats: determinants of deposit-feeding species diversity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 53: 31-45.
Zajac, R.N. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1982. Responses of estuarine infauna to disturbance. I. Spatial and temporal variation of initial recolonization. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10: 1-14.
Zajac, R.N. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1982. Responses of estuarine infauna to disturbance. II. Spatial and temporal variation of succession. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10: 15-27.
Whitlatch, R.B. and J.R. Weinberg. 1982. Factors influencing particle selection and feeding rate in the polychaete Cistenides gouldii. Marine Biology 71: 33-40.
Dobbs, F.C. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1982. Aspects of feeding by Clymenella torquata. Ophelia 21: 59-66.
Weinberg, J.R. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1983. Enhanced growth of a filter-feeding bivalve by a deposit-feeding polychaete by means of nutrient regeneration. Journal of Marine Research 41: 557-569.
Whitlatch, R.B. and R.N. Zajac. 1985. Biotic interactions among estuarine infaunal opportunistic species. Marine Ecology Progress Series 21: 299-311.
Weinberg, J.R., H. Caswell and R.B. Whitlatch. 1986. Demographic importance of ecological interactions: What do statistics tell us? Marine Biology 93: 305-310.
Pesch, C.E., R.N. Zajac, R.B. Whitlatch and M.A. Balboni. 1987. Effect of intraspecific density on life history traits and population growth rate of Neanthes arenaceodentata (Polychaeta:Nereidae) in the laboratory. Marine Biology 96: 545-554.
Malinowski, S. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1988. A theoretical evaluation of shellfish resource management. Journal of Shellfish Research 7: 95-100.
Kaminski, M.A., J.F. Grassle and R.B. Whitlatch. 1988. Life history and recolonization among agglutinated foraminifera in the Panama Basin. Abh. Geol. B.-A. 41: 229-243.
Zajac, R.N. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1988. Population ecology of the polychaete Nephtys incisa in southern New England waters and the effects of disturbance. Estuaries 11(2): 117-133.
Boyer, L.F. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1989. Organism-sediment relationships in the Caribou Island Basin, Lake Superior, U.S.A. Journal of Great Lakes Research 15: 147-155.
Zajac, R.N. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1989. Natural and disturbance-induced demographic variation in an infaunal polychaete, Nephtys incisa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 57: 89-102.
Osman, R.W., R.B. Whitlatch and R.N. Zajac. 1989. The effects of resident species on recruitment into a community: larval settlement versus post-settlement mortality in the oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Marine Ecology Progress Series 54: 61-73.
Zajac, R.N., R.B. Whitlatch and R.W. Osman. 1989. Effects of interspecific density and food supply on survivorship and growth of newly settled oysters, Crassostrea virginica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 56: 127-132.
Boyer, L.F., P.L. McCall, F.M. Soster and R.B. Whitlatch. 1990. Deep sediment mixing by burbot (Lota lota) in the Caribou Island Basin of Lake Superior. Ichnos 1: 91-95.
Zajac, R.N. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1991. Demographic aspects of marine, soft sediment patch dynamics. American Zoologist 31: 105-128.
Osman, R.W., R.B. Whitlatch and R.J. Malatesta. 1992. Potential role of micro-predators in determining recruitment into a marine community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 83: 35-43.
Whitlatch, R.B. and R.W. Osman. 1994. A qualitative approach to managing shellfish populations: assessing the relative importance of trophic relationships between species. Journal of Shellfish Research 13: 229-242.
Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1995. Predation on early ontogenetic life stages and its effect on recruitment into a marine epifaunal community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 117: 111-126.
Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1995. The influence of resident adults on larval settlement: experiments with four species of ascidians. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 190: 169-198.
Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1995. The influence of resident adults on recruitment: a comparison to settlement. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 190: 199-220.
Thrush, S.F., R.B. Whitlatch, R.D. Pridmore, J.E. Hewitt, V.J. Cummings and M.R. Wilkinson. 1996. Scale-dependent recolonization: the role of sediment stability in a dynamic sandflat habitat. Ecology 77: 2472-2487.
Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1996. Processes affecting newly-settled juveniles and the consequences to subsequent community development. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 30: 217-225.
Thrush, S.F., R.D. Pridmore, V.J. Cummings, P.K. Dayton, R. Ford, J. Grant, J.E. Hewitt, A.H. Hines, S.M. Lawrie, P. Legendre, B.H. McArdle, D.C. Schneider, S.J. Turner, R.B. Whitlatch, and M.R. Wilkinson. 1997. The sandflat habitat: scaling from experiments to conclusions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 216: 1-9.
Legendre, F., S.F. Thrush, V.J. Cummings, P.K. Dayton, J. Grant, J.E. Hewitt, A.H. Hines, B.H. McArdle, R.D. Pridmore, D.C. Schneider, S.J. Turner, R.B. Whitlatch, and M.R. Wilkinson. 1997. Spatial structure of bivalves in a sandflat: scale and generating processes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 216: 99-128.
Thrush, S.F., R.D. Pridmore, V.J. Cummings, P.K. Dayton, R. Ford, J. Grant, J.E. Hewitt, A.H. Hines, S.M. Lawrie, P. Legendre, B.H. McArdle, D.C. Schneider, S.J. Turner, R.B. Whitlatch, and M.R. Wilkinson. 1997. Matching the outcome of small-scale density manipulation experiments with larger scale patterns: an example of bivalve adult/juvenile interactions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 216: 153-169.
Whitlatch, R.B., A.H. Hines, S.F. Thrush, J.E. Hewitt and V.J. Cummings. 1997. Benthic faunal responses to variations in patch density and patch size of a suspension-feeding bivalve. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 216: 171-189.
Hines, A.H., R.B. Whitlatch, S.F. Thrush, J.E. Hewitt, V.J. Cummings, P.K. Dayton and P. Legendre. 1997. Nonlinear foraging responses of a large marine predator to benthic prey: eagle ray pits and bivalves in a New Zealand sandflat. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 216: 191-220.
Thrush, S.F., D.C. Schneider, P. Legendre, R.B. Whitlatch, P.K. Dayton, J. Hewitt, A.H. Hines, V.J. Cummings, S. Lawrie, J. Grant, R.D. Pridmore, B. McArdle. 1997. Scaling from experiments to complex systems: where to next? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 216: 243-254.
Whitlatch, R.B., A.M. Lohrer, S.F. Thrush, R.D. Pridmore, J.E. Hewitt, V.J. Cummings and R.N. Zajac. 1998. Scale-dependent benthic recolonization dynamics: life stage-based dispersal and demographic consequences. Hydrobiologia 375/376: 217-226.
Whitlatch, R.B. and R.W. Osman. 1998. A new device to study benthic invertebrate recruitment. Limnology and Oceanography 43: 516-523.
Zajac, R.N., R.B. Whitlatch and S.F. Thrush. 1998. Recolonization and succession in soft-sediment communities: the spatial scale of controlling factors. Hydrobiologia 375/376: 227-240.
Osman, R.W. and R.B. Whitlatch. 1998. Local control in an epifaunal community and consequences to colonization processes. Hydrobiologia 375/376: 113-123.
Stachowicz, J.J., R.B. Whitlatch and R.W. Osman. 1999. Species diversity enhances ecosystem resistance to invasion in a marine ecosystem. Science 19: 1577-1579.
Lohrer, A.M., Y. Fukui, K. Wada and R.B. Whitlatch. 2000. Structural complexity and vertical zonation of intertidal crabs, with focus on habitat characteristics of the invasive Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 244: 203-217.
Lohrer, A.M., R.B. Whitlatch, K. Wada and Y. Fukui. 2000. Home and away: comparisons of resource utilization by the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, in its native and invaded ranges. Bioinvasions, 2: 41-57.
Zajac, R.N. and R.B. Whitlatch. 2001. Response of macrobenthic communities to restoration efforts in a New England estuary. Estuaries 24: 167-183
Lohrer, A.M. and R.B. Whitlatch. 2002. Interactions among aliens: apparent replacement of one exotic species by another. Ecology 83: 719-733.
Lohrer, A.M. and R.B. Whitlatch. 2002. Alien crabs in Long Island Sound: relative impacts of two exotic brachyuran species. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 227: 135-144.
Stachowicz, J. J., H. Fried, R. W. Osman and R. B. Whitlatch. 2002. Reconciling pattern and process in marine bioinvasions: how important is diversity in determining community invasibility. Ecology: 83: 2575-2590.
Stachowicz, J.J., J.R. Terwin. R.B. Whitlatch, and R.W. Osman. 2002. Linking climate change and biological invasions: ocean warming facilitates non-indigenous species invasions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99: 15497-15500.
Zajac, R.N. and R.B. Whitlatch. 2003. Community and population-level responses to disturbance in a sandflat community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 294: 101-125.
